Japanese Multiword Expression Lexicon
Overview
For Japanese, JMWEL (Japanese Multiword Expression Lexicon) is the first manually compiled, full-scale database with a rich set of grammatical attributes fine-tuned to phrase-based NLP applications such as MT, IR, and morphosyntactic analysis. It contains about 160,000 headwords covering almost every kind of Japanese MWE.
JMWEL was first designed for Japanese MT in the late 1960s and after decades of meticulous development by Dr. Kosho Shudo, professor
emeritus of Fukuoka University, Japan, and a Computational Linguistics researcher in Japan is now available for licensing.
Please refer to 研究工房ことばの森 for details.
Distinctive Features
JMWEL provides extensive coverage of diverse types of orthographic variants, including alternative kanji, such as 憧れの的 vs. 憬れの的 (‘object of longing’), and alternative okurigana such as 漁火 vs. 漁り火 (‘fish-attracting torch’).
JMWEL describes syntactic structures in which modifying clauses can be inserted. Idioms such as「油を売る」 (not meaning ‘sell oil’, but rather ‘waste time’), are provided with a syntactic structure description [[油を]*売る] so that inserting「喫茶店で」 forms a discontinuous idiom 「油を喫茶店で売る」(‘waste time in a coffee shop’).
JMWEL is enriched by 4,700 sentence-final MWEs that provide speaker judgment modalities, e.g., 「~べきだった」 (‘~should have Vpp~.’), speaker demand information, e.g., 「~てくださいませんか」 (‘Would you please V~?’), aspectual information, e.g., 「~たばかりだ」 (‘~have just Vpp~.’), and so on.
JMWEL covers 1,900 discourse-marking and sentence-connective MWEs, which indicate semantic relations between a paragraph or sentence and the immediately following segment, such as 「話変わりますが」 (‘To change the subject,~.’) or 「上に述べたように」 (‘As mentioned above,~.’)
Orthographic Variants of Japanese MWEs
ID | Variant ID | Part of Speech | Lemma | Hiragana |
---|---|---|---|---|
NP00411 | 001 | nominal | 憧れ-の-的 | あこがれのまと |
NP00411 | 002 | nominal | 憧れ-の-まと | あこがれのまと |
NP00411 | 003 | nominal | 憬れ-の-的 | あこがれのまと |
NP00411 | 004 | nominal | 憬れ-の-まと | あこがれのまと |
NP00411 | 005 | nominal | あこがれ-の-的 | あこがれのまと |
NP00411 | 006 | nominal | あこがれ-の-まと | あこがれのまと |
NP03509 | 001 | nominal | 鬼-に-金_棒 | おににかなぼう |
NP03509 | 002 | nominal | 鬼-に-金_ぼう | おににかなぼう |
NP03509 | 003 | nominal | 鬼-に-かな_棒 | おににかなぼう |
NP03509 | 004 | nominal | 鬼-に-かな_ぼう | おににかなぼう |
NP03509 | 005 | nominal | おに-に-金_棒 | おににかなぼう |
NP03509 | 006 | nominal | おに-に-金_ぼう | おににかなぼう |
NP03509 | 007 | nominal | おに-に-かな_棒 | おににかなぼう |
NP03509 | 008 | nominal | おに-に-かな_ぼう | おににかなぼう |
VP37342 | 001 | v-class2 | 足-を-地-に-付ける | あしをちにつける |
VP37342 | 002 | v-class2 | 足-を-地-に-つける | あしをちにつける |
VP37342 | 003 | v-class2 | 足-を-ち-に-付ける | あしをちにつける |
VP37342 | 004 | v-class2 | 足-を-ち-に-つける | あしをちにつける |
VP37342 | 005 | v-class2 | 脚-を-地-に-付ける | あしをちにつける |
VP37342 | 006 | v-class2 | 脚-を-地-に-つける | あしをちにつける |
VP37342 | 007 | v-class2 | 脚-を-ち-に-付ける | あしをちにつける |
VP37342 | 008 | v-class2 | 脚-を-ち-に-つける | あしをちにつける |
VP37342 | 009 | v-class2 | あし-を-地-に-付ける | あしをちにつける |
VP37342 | 010 | v-class2 | あし-を-地-に-つける | あしをちにつける |
VP37342 | 011 | v-class2 | あし-を-ち-に-付ける | あしをちにつける |
VP37342 | 012 | v-class2 | あし-を-ち-に-つける | あしをちにつける |
Morphosyntactic Attributes of Japanese MWEs
Lemma | Part of Speech 2 | Structure | Dependency |
---|---|---|---|
憧れ-の-的 | NP | [*V22no]*N | CLICK TO ENLARGE |
鬼-に-金_棒 | S/incomplete | [Nni][[N$]$] | CLICK TO ENLARGE |
足-を-地-に-付ける | VP_d3 | [Nwo][[Nni]*V30] | CLICK TO ENLARGE |
合わせる-顔-が-無い | AdjP_c2 | [[*V40N]ga]*nai | CLICK TO ENLARGE |
火-を-見る-より-明らか | AdjVP | [[[Nwo]V30]yori]K00 | CLICK TO ENLARGE |
感ずる-所-有っ-て | AdvP_Vte | [[[*V40N](ga)]at]te | CLICK TO ENLARGE |
欠く-可から-ざる | AdnP_Vzaru | [V30bekara]zaru | CLICK TO ENLARGE |
物-は-相談-だ-が | DM/SA_Ndaga | [[Nha(ga)][Nda]]ga | CLICK TO ENLARGE |
て-頂ける-と-良い-の-です-が | CEP_p | [[[[[[$te]V30]to]A40]no]tesu]ga | CLICK TO ENLARGE |
を-目標-に | CPP | [[$wo][[Nni](si)]](te) | CLICK TO ENLARGE |
JMWEL Related Resources
Japanese Lexical Database
Monolingual general vocabulary for NLP applications
Japanese Phonetic Database
IPA phonetic and phonemic transcriptions for core Japanese vocabulary
Comprehensive Japanese Wordlist
General vocabulary, proper nouns, and technical terms
Reference Documents
A Comprehensive Japanese MWE Lexicon: JMWEL
Academic Paper